Bronchopulmonary dysplasia as a risk factor for asthma in school children and adolescents: A systematic review

Background: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease that mainly affects extremely pre-term infants, and remains the most common complication of prematurity. Several studies have shown that prematurity predisposes to the development of asthma in school children and adolescents. Nevertheless, it is not clear to what extent a history of BPD involves an additional risk. Methods: A systematic review of studies assessing the association between BPD and asthma in school-children and adolescents was made. A literature search was carried out in the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases to retrieve articles published between 1 January 2000 and 31 August 2016. Results: A total of 17 studies comprising 7433 patients were included in the review. There was considerable heterogeneity in the definitions of BPD and asthma among studies. Overall, the prevalence of asthma was higher in children and adolescents with a history of prematurity and BPD compared with those who did not develop BPD. However, in only one of the studies did this difference reach statistical significance. The main limitation of this review was potential bias due to the lack of adjustment for confounding factors between exposure (BPD) and outcome (asthma) in most of the studies. Conclusion:Based on the studies reviewed, it cannot be argued that BPD, as an independent factor of prematurity, increases the risk of asthma defined by clinical parameters in school-children and adolescents. Further studies of greater methodological quality and homogeneous diagnostic criteria of BPD and asthma are needed for improved assessment of this association (AU)

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Bronchopulmonary dysplasia as a risk factor for asthma in school children and adolescents: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a chronic lung disease that mainly affects extremely pre-term infants, and remains the most common complication of prematurity. Several studies have shown that prematurity predisposes to the development of asthma in school children and adolescents. Nevertheless, it is not clear to what extent a history of BPD involves an additional risk. METHODS: A systematic review of studies assessing the association between BPD and asthma in school-children and adolescents was made. A literature search was carried out in the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases to retrieve articles published between 1 January 2000 and 31 August 2016. RESULTS: A total of 17 studies comprising 7433 patients were included in the review. There was considerable heterogeneity in the definitions of BPD and asthma among studies. Overall, the prevalence of asthma was higher in children and adolescents with a history of prematurity and BPD compared with those who did not develop BPD. However, in only one of the studies did this difference reach statistical significance. The main limitation of this review was potential bias due to the lack of adjustment for confounding factors between exposure (BPD) and outcome (asthma) in most of the studies. CONCLUSION: Based on the studies reviewed, it cannot be argued that BPD, as an independent factor of prematurity, increases the risk of asthma defined by clinical parameters in school-children and adolescents. Further studies of greater methodological quality and homogeneous diagnostic criteria of BPD and asthma are needed for improved assessment of this association.

Hemofilia A en un recién nacido pretérmino. Riesgo de sangrado frente a riesgo de desarrollo de inhibidor / Hemophilia A in a preterm infant. Bleeding risk versus inhibitor development risk

La hemofilia A es la coagulopatía hereditaria más importante. Constituye una condición facilitadora de sangrados profundos por un fallo en la hemostasia secundaria. El principal abordaje terapéutico consiste en la terapia sustitutiva con factor VIII, aunque en algunos casos la formación de anticuerpos inhibidores puede dificultar su utilidad a largo plazo. Cada vez se conocen mejor los factores que condicionan el desarrollo de inhibidores, pero todavía no se puede predecir con seguridad la probabilidad que tiene un paciente de desarrollar esta complicación, aunque en algunos trabajos ya se han propuesto fórmulas a tal efecto. Son pocas las referencias que se encuentran en la bibliografía sobre el manejo de la hemofilia en el recién nacido, y todavía menos si se trata de neonatos prematuros. No existe ninguna recomendación o guía al respecto, pero quizás un planteamiento individualizado sea el idóneo, dado que el pronóstico puede cambiar en función del grado de prematuridad, el tipo de mutación, los antecedentes familiares de formación de inhibidores, la exposición a traumatismos y la madurez del resto de la cascada de la coagulación, entre otros factores. Se presenta un caso de un recién nacido de 34 semanas de edad gestacional con diagnóstico de hemofilia A grave, que fue tratado con medidas conservadoras, evitando la administración profiláctica de factor VIII por considerarse de alto riesgo para la aparición de inhibidores y, por tanto, para el fallo de la terapia sustitutiva a largo plazo(AU)

Hemophilia A is the most important inherited coagulation disease. It is a condition predisposing deep bleeding due to a failure in secondary hemostasis. Among the possibilities of therapeutic approach, factor VIII replacement therapy is considered as the mean one. Nevertheless in some cases the formation of inhibitory antibodies may hinder its long-term usefulness. There is increasing knowledge of the factors that influence the development of inhibitors but we are still not able to predict exactly the probability of a patient developing this complication, although some research groups are working on it. There are few references in the literature on the management of hemophilia in the newborn, and even less regarding preterm infants. There is no recommendation or guideline about what attitude is to be taken with preterm infants with hemophilia but perhaps an individualized approach fits the best, since the outcome can change depending on prematurity degree, mutation type, family history of inhibitors formation, trauma exposure and maturity of the rest of the clotting cascade, among others. We present a case of a 34-gestational-week newborn with severe hemophilia A who was managed with conservative steps avoiding prophylactic factor VIII administration, considering a high risk for inhibitor development and therefore, a long term failure of replacement therapy(AU)